Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an emergency procedure that combines chest compressions with artificial ventilation to maintain brain function until further measures are done to restore spontaneous blood circulation and breathing in a person who just had a cardiac arrest.
During CPR, adults should compress their chests between 5 cm (2.0 in) and 6 cm (2.4 in) deep, at a rate of at least 100 to 120 per minute. Artificial ventilation can also be achieved by exhaling air into the subject’s mouth or nose (mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) or by utilizing a device that pushes air into the subject’s lungs (mechanical ventilation). Current guidelines prioritize early and high-quality chest compressions over artificial ventilation; for novice rescuers, a simplified CPR procedure including simply chest compressions is advised. Only practicing compressions in children, on the other hand, may result in worse outcomes because the problem in children is usually caused by respiratory rather than cardiac issues. In adults, the chest compression to breathing ratio is fixed at 30 to 2.
CPR is unlikely to give the heart back to life on its own. Its main objective is to restore partial oxygenated blood flow to the brain and heart. The goal is to delay tissue death and increase the window of chance for a successful resuscitation while avoiding long-term brain damage. Defibrillation, or administering an electric shock to the subject’s heart, is frequently required to restore a viable, or “perfusing,” heart beat. Defibrillation is only helpful for particular heart rhythms, such as ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia, and not for asystole or pulseless electrical activity, which usually necessitates the treatment of underlying disorders in order to restore cardiac function. When necessary, early shock is recommended. CPR might be able to induce a shockable cardiac rhythm.
Until the individual regains spontaneous circulation (ROSC) or is pronounced dead, CPR is usually performed.
Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) more than doubles the chances of surviving a cardiac arrest,bystander CPR is still uncommon. While bystander CPR rates have improved when dispatcher-assisted CPR instructions were introduced after an emergency call, a significant proportion still lacks confidence to perform CPR even with instructions.
There is substantial evidence that there is a link between bystander CPR rates and CPR training. According to three studies, localities with greater rates of bystander CPR had residents who are CPR certified. This is most likely due to the fact that CPR training is linked to greater confidence and readiness to perform CPR. Existing data also suggests that some demographics, such as age, education level, birth nation, and occupation, are linked to CPR training. There’s also a need to look at the impact of socioeconomic characteristics on bystander CPR training rates, as places with lower rates of bystander CPR also have lower rates of CPR training. As a result, knowing the current rates of CPR training in the community is critical, and it may help to inspire local initiatives.
Learn how to use this life-saving method on both adults and children.
1. Untrained : Provide hands-only CPR if you aren’t trained in CPR or are concerned about giving rescue breaths. Until paramedics come, that means continuous chest compressions of 100 to 120 per minute . You don’t have to try to save your life by breathing.
2. Trained and ready to go : Check for a pulse and respiration if you’re well-trained and confident in your abilities.If there is no pulse or respiration after 10 seconds, begin chest compressions. 30 chest compressions should be performed first, followed by two rescue breaths.
3. Trained but rusty : If you’ve already gotten CPR instruction but aren’t confident in your abilities, simply perform 100 to 120 chest compressions each minute
Adults, children, and infants require CPR in the same settings as adults, children, and infants, but not newborns (infants up to 4 weeks old).
Before you start CPR, make sure you have the following information:
1.Is the person in a safe environment?
2.Is the individual awake or asleep?
3.”Are you OK?Tap or shake the person’s shoulder loudly if he or she appears to be unconscious.
If the person doesn’t respond and you’re with another person who can help, have one person call 911 or the local emergency number, and if one is available, get the AED. Begin CPR with the help of the other individual.
4.If you’re alone and have access to a phone, dial 911 or your local emergency number before starting CPR.If an AED is available, use it.
As soon as an AED is available, give one shock per the device’s instructions, then start CPR.
Compressions: restore blood flow.
Compressions are when you use your hands to press down hard and fast on the person’s chest in a precise method. The most crucial stage in CPR is compressions. To do CPR compressions, follow these procedures.
1.Place the person on a sturdy surface on his or her back.
2.Kneel next to the person’s shoulders and neck.
3.Place your lower hand’s palm (heel) on the center of the person’s chest, between the nipples.
4.The second hand should be placed on top of the first.. Maintain a straight line between your elbows and your hands, with your shoulders directly above them.
5.Push straight down on the chest for at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) but no more than 2.4 inches (compression) (6 centimeters). When executing compressions, use your complete body weight (not just your arms).
6.Work hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions each minute.Compressions should be done to the beat of the song “Stayin’ Alive,” according to the American Heart Association. After each push, let the chest to spring back (recoil).
7.Continue chest compressions if you haven’t been trained in CPR until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical services arrive. If you’ve received CPR training, move on to opening the airway and rescuing breathing.
Airway: Make sure your airway is clear.
If you’ve completed 30 chest compressions and are trained in CPR, use the head-tilt, chin-lift movement to open the person’s airway. Gently tilt the person’s head back with your palm on his or her forehead. Then gently push the chin forward with the other hand to open the airway.
Breathing: Breathe for the person
1.Pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing after opening the airway (using the head-tilt, chin-lift procedure) and cover the person’s mouth with yours, forming a seal.
2.Make sure you’re ready to provide two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath, which should last one second, and keep an eye on the chest to see if it rises.
3.If your chest elevates, take another breath.
4.If the chest doesn’t raise after a second breath, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift motion. Thirty chest compressions are followed by two rescue breaths in one cycle.. Take care not to take too many breaths or to breathe too forcefully.
To reestablish blood flow, resume chest compressions.
Apply an automated external defibrillator (AED) as soon as one is available and follow the on-screen instructions. After the first shock, continue chest compressions for two minutes before administering the second shock. A 911 operator or another emergency medical operator may be able to offer you instructions if you aren’t trained to use an AED. Similar to CPR another important course is certificate iv in work health and safety.